The Russia-US rivalry in the current region of Eastern Europe is a consequence of the confrontational interaction during the Cold War, between the democratic and capitalist West and the totalitarian and socialist East. After the collapse of the USSR, major changes took place in the region: virtually all former states from the Eastern Bloc, within the sphere of influence of Moscow, became member states of NATO and of the EU, including the three Baltic (formerly Soviet) republics. The geopolitical changes produced had profound repercussions on the balance of power in the region, and especially on the international status of the Russian Federation, the successor state of the USSR. With the rise to power of Vladimir Putin, President of Russia, the revival of the Russian Federation began and tensions arose between the White House and the Kremlin over the status of the post-Soviet states in the context of the unipolar world order. Along with China, Russia has begun to promote the multipolar world order, challenging the United States’ prerogative to give protection to “close foreign” states in order to get out from Moscow’s sphere of influence. What should the policy of the Republic of Moldova be in the geopolitical regional context, in order to ensure its national security? The policy of permanent neutrality is an option supported by the majority of the country’s population. The problem is the international acknowledgement of this status, the settlement of the Transnistrian conflict and the withdrawal of foreign (Russian) troops from the Moldovan territory, from the left bank of the Dniester River.