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SM ISO690:2012 PETREA, Alecu, CANDUSSI, Laura. Osteoarthritis in new-born babies and infants
. In: Analele Ştiinţifice (Asociaţia Chirurgilor Pediatri Universitari din RM) , 2011, nr. XV, pp. 53-58. ISSN 1857-0631. |
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Analele Ştiinţifice (Asociaţia Chirurgilor Pediatri Universitari din RM) | ||||||
Numărul XV / 2011 / ISSN 1857-0631 | ||||||
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Pag. 53-58 | ||||||
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In the case of newborns and infants two general types of infections can occur. Early-onset infections occur in the first week of life, with an
average onset age of 20 hours. Approximately “half of these children have signs of infection at birth with a group B streptococcal infection.”(1,2) This
infection is acquired during or shortly before birth, from the microorganisms colonizing the maternal genital tract. Surveillance studies have shown”
that 40% of women are carriers of group B genital or rectal streptococci”(1). Approximately “50% of children born via genital way by infected
mothers become colonized”(3), although only 1-2% of those colonized develop a clinically obvious infection. Prematurity and maternal risk factors are
frequently encountered. (prolonged labor, obstetric complications and maternal fever). The aspect of early-onset infection is the same as other forms of
neonatal sepsis.
Typical signs include: respiratory distress; lethargy; hypotension.
All neonates presenting an early-onset of the disease had: bacteremia, 1/3 up to 1⁄2 had pneumonia and / or respiratory distress syndrome and1/3
had meningitis.
“Delayed-onset infections occur in infants aged between one week and three months, with an average age of 3-4 weeks”(1). Microorganisms can
be acquired during birth – as in early-onset cases –or later, through contact with colonized mother, medical staff or other contaminated sources. “The
most common manifestation of delayed-onset infection is meningitis,”(2) which in many cases is associated with type III encapsulated strain
infections.
Infants have: fever; lethargy; refusal to eat ; seizures;
Signs of poor prognosis are: hypotension; coma; status epilepticus; neutropenia.
Over 50% of survivors have some degree of “long-term neurological damage from a slight delay in the appearance of language or hear loss, to
the profound mental retardation, blindness and seizures that can not be controlled”(5). A variety of late-onset infections can occur including
“bacteremia without an identified source, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and facial cellulitis associated with preauricular or submandibular adena.”(4)
“Nowadays, streptococcus B represents, together with Escherichia coli B, represents the main cause of neonatal infection.”(6) B streptococcus is
responsible for 40% of neonatal infections; infections caused by this germ affects 5% of newborns, 3% are early infections and 1.5% delayed
infections. The prevalence of B streptococcus neonatal infections could be the consequence of: improvement of bacteriological screening techniques;
use of preventive antiseption against Staphylococcus that favoured the Streptococcus development; antibiotic treatment of pneumococcal infections,
that inhibits the formation of pneumococcal antibodies for the mother and, in particular during childhood;
Approximately 60% of cases are caused by type III, which contrasts with the distribution of types I, I b, Ic, II and III in "colonized" women and
asymptomatic infants.
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Cuvinte-cheie Group B streptococcus infection, diagnosis: positive differential development, epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathology |
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